MOBILE

A common cause of cancer is exposure to radio frequency radiation, the very same technology that is used in cell phones. So, it would stand to reason that cell phones can cause cancer in people of all ages and levels of health, right? Not exactly, according to researchers. Though they acknowledge that radio frequency radiation can change the DNA of a person (in effect causing cancerous cells to form), they are quick to point out that this happens only at high frequencies.
Cell phones use an extremely low frequency that is barely even detectable by scientific instruments. Also, several studies of laboratory mice strongly suggest that the connection between cell phones and cancer are at worst negligible and at best nonexistent. Radio frequency radiation becomes a potential cause of cancer when the output and frequency is high, such as at military radio towers, large radio transmitters, and MRI scans, but not cell phones.
Experts say that the real danger that cell phones pose is their distracting nature. Talking on the phone or text messaging while doing important activities can significantly increase the chance of human error. Activities such as driving or operating machinery can become much more dangerous when they are mixed with talking on a cell phone. In fact, statistics show that not only is error more likely, but the consequences of those errors become greater.
Researchers also suggest to those still concerned about the relationship between cell phones and cancer to stay up-to-date on the subject.

ALL CAUSE OF HAIR LOSS

Alopecia is loss of hair, which may be diffuse, patchy, scarring or non scarring.Diffuse non-scarring alopecia1. Androgenic Alopecia: in men recession of the frontal hairline, near the temples and thinning over the vertex occurs. In women, the scalp hair loss is generally diffuse but more in the vertex area.2. Endocrine and nutrition related: Endocrine abnormalities of thyroid, pituitary or adrenals can cause diffuse alopecia, Malnutrition and Zinc deficiency or iron deficiency may also cause diffuse alopecia.3. Telogen effluvium : certain events can induce hair follicles to enter the telogen phase, it commonly follows after delivery of a baby, high fever, surgery or other stress.4. Anagen effluvium : Abrupt cessation of hair growth follows use of cytotoxic drugs like cyclophosphamide, heparin , warfarin, colchicines, vitamin A.Patchy Non Scarring alopecia1. Alopecia areata : is a common condition probably autoimmune in etiology, it starts in 20’s and 30’s , initial lesion is commonly a circumscribed totally bald smooth patch, dystrophic broken hairs may be seen at the periphery of the patches, which we can easily epilated. The scalp is the most common site. When the perimeer of the scalp is incvolved, it is called ophiasis, which has poor prognosis. If there are multiple patches on the scalp, they may become confluent , resulting g in total loss of hair from scalp, called alopecia totalis. Total loss of hair from whole body is called alopecia universalis. Nail pitting, Beau’s line and nail dystrophy may be seen in the nails.Various modalities of treatment are available, like use of phenol, benzoyl, tincture of iodine, dithranol. Physical modalities like UVB in erythema doses, Grenz rays, and thorium X-eay may be used.2. Tinea capitis3. Trichotillomania: it is a form of alopecia caused by intentional or unintentional pulling out of hair.4. Traumatic alopecia : it is due to pressure.5. Secondary syphilis: moth eaten alopecia may be produced.Patchy or diffuse scarring alopecia1. Physical and chemical injury2. infection – kerion, favus, herpes zoster3. lichen planus and DLE4. Pseudopelade- it describes a scarring alopecia, which represents the end stage of an idiopathic or unidentifies destructive inflammatory process in the scalp, characterized by crab like extensions5. Malignancy – basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma.

INDIAN FLAG ON MOON

At 8:34 pm Indian time Friday night (1504 UTC), India became the fourth country to land its flag on the Moon. The unmanned lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 ejected its Moon Impact Probe, which hurtled across the surface of the Moon at 1.5 kilometres per second (3000 miles per hour), and successfully crash landed near the Moon's south pole. Besides carrying three important scientific instruments, the lunar probe also carried the image of the Indian national flag, painted on all sides.

India's tricolour is marked on all sides of the Moon Impact Probe
Chandrayaan-1 (meaning 'Moon craft' in Sanskrit) reached its target lunar orbit on Wednesday. The orbiter will remain in a circular orbit 102 kilometres above the Moon's surface for two years. Its instruments will be gradually commissioned over the next few days.
With this landing, India became both the fourth country to place a flag on the Moon and the fifth group to send a spacecraft to the Moon. The other countries which have sent spacecraft to the Moon are the United States, the former Soviet Union, Japan, and China, along with the European Space Agency (ESA), a consortium of 17 countries. Japan and China currently each have scientific satellites orbiting the Moon, though China has not yet put a spacecraft on the moon's surface.
The MIP has a mass of 29 kg, is about the size of a microwave oven, and was designed and assembled in India. After the orbiter ejected it, the probe took about 25 minutes to reach the Moon's surface. On-board digital cameras made a high resolution movie of the surface during descent, and scientists also conducted measurements with the probe's mass spectrometer and radar altimeter. Data was beamed back to India via the orbiter, and it is currently being processed and analysed.

The Moon's south poleImage: NASA/JPL/USGS.
Data from the altimeter experiments will be used to refine the instrument in order to control the soft landing of a future probe. Plans are already being prepared for the Chandrayaan-2 to be launched by 2012.
India's first lunar mission was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on the Andhra Pradesh coast on October 22. The launch vehicle was an Indian designed and built rocket that had been previously proven by carrying scientific and commercial payloads to earth orbit, including weather and communications satellites. The cost of this mission is estimated at 340 crore (3.4 billion) rupees (US$78 million). The mission carries five scientific instruments built by India's technology sector, and six developed co-operatively with foreign nations.
Goals for the orbiter include making a detailed map of the Moon's chemical make-up and mineral resources, as well as a three-dimensional digital map of the entire surface. The mission will examine the surface for sources of water, and take comparison photos of the light side and dark sides of the surface.

LORD krishna

Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari, kṛṣṇa in IAST, pronounced [ˈkr̩ʂɳə] in classical Sanskrit) is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism in a variety of different perspectives. While many Vaishnava groups recognize him as an avatar of Vishnu, other traditions within Krishnaism consider Krishna to be svayam bhagavan, or the supreme being.
Krishna is often depicted as an infant, as a young boy playing a flute as in the Bhagavata Purana,[1] or as a youthful prince giving direction and guidance as in the Bhagavad Gita.[2] The stories of Krishna appear across a broad spectrum of Hindu philosophical and theological traditions.[3] They portray him in various roles: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero and the Supreme Being.[4] The principal scriptures discussing Krishna's legands are the Mahābhārata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana.
The various cults dedicated to different manifestations of Krishna such as Vasudeva, Bala Krishna and Gopala, existed as early as 4th century BCE. The Krishna-Bhakti Movement spread to southern India by the 9th century CE, while in northern India Krishnaism schools were well established by 11th century CE. From the 10th century CE, with the growing Bhakti movement, Krishna became a favourite subject of performing arts. The regional forms of Krishna such as Jaganatha of Orissa, Vithoba of Maharashtra and Shrinathji in Rajasthan were developed. Since 1966, the Krishna-bhakti movement spread in the West, with the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Devotion to Krishna is widely diffused and extends to Jains, Buddhists, Bahá'ís and beyond India.

premature Baby, etiology, complications and chances of survival

Preterm or Premature Baby: A baby born before 37 weeks of gestation age (from first day of last menustral period) is termed as preterm baby, such babies have weight less than 2.5kg. They constitute two third of low birth weight babies.Etiology of Preterm:1. Smoking habits2. Low socio economic and nutrition status3. Recurrent urinary tract infections.4. Pregnancy complications like pre-eclampsia, antepartum haemorrhage, premature rupture of membranes, polyhydroamnios.5. Genital Tract infections6. Medical and Surgical illnesses.7. Fetal causes like multiple pregnancy, congenital causes, intrauterine death.8. Placenta - infarction, thrombosisDiagnosis of Preterm labour: is done on the basis of 1. regular uterine contractions with or without pain at least one in every 10 minutes, 2. dilatation (>2cms) and effacement of cervix.Baby looks: skin is red, thin and shiny, lack of subcutaneous fat, covered by plentiful lenugo and vernix caseosa. Muscle tone is poor, planter creases are not visible beyond 34 weeks, testicles are undescended, labia minora are exposed, and nails are not grown upto fingertips.Complications of Preterm Baby1. Asphyxia: Babies are likely to be asphyxiated due to anatomical and functional immaturity.2. Hypothermia: because of reduced subcutaneous fat and brown fat.3. Pulmonary Syndromes: it includes pulmonary oedema, intra-alveolar haemorrage, and idiopathic respiratory distress syndromes which is one of the major cause of death in preterm babies.4. Cerebral Haemorrhage: soft skull bones allowing high degree of moulding leading to subdural and subarachnoid haemorrages, Fragile subependymal capillaries causing bleeding due to hypoxia.5. Fetal shock: it may happen due to improper resuscitation6. Heart Failure: due to asphyxia and pulmonary oedema.7. Oliguria, anuria- due to immature kidneys8. Infection- since both humoral and cell mediated immune response is poor, common infection are bronchopneumonia, meningitis, gastro-enteritis.9. Jaundice- because of hepatic insufficiency, bilirubin produced by excessive haemolysis cannot be conjugated adequately for excretion of bile, leading to rise in unconjugated bilirubin , causing physiological jaundice.10. Dehydration and Anaemia11. Retinopathy of prematurity.Chances of Survival of preterm baby:It depends upon the birthweight of baby, vigour at birth is more important than weight of baby, a baby weighing more than 1.5kg is have 95% chances of survival. Bany having weight in range of 750-1000gm have 85% chances of survival by intensive neonatal care. If gestational age is less than 23 weeks chances of death are more than 97%. Most of death occurs with in 48 hours ;

ARE you suffering from headache ignoring or self medication!can be alarming

Headache is a very common symptom, but it may be alarming sign of some deadly disease which may cutshort your life line, or it may be due to your habit of taking painkillers for headache, in some cases it can lead to blindness, so be cautious and read below which kind of headache you are suffering from...headache is the most common reason that pateint seeks medical attention, there are 2 types of headaches, primary and secondary, which illustrates following causes, Primary headache includes-Tension type headache -70%, Migraine-16%, Idiopathic-2%, Exertional-1% and cluster type 0.1% Secondary headaches : 64%- includes systemic infection, headinjury-4%, vascular disorders-1%, and brain tumors 0.1% (source: After J Oslesen, Philadelphia) Physiology:- Pain occurs when peripheral nociceptors are stimulated, or when producing pathways of CNS or Peripheral nervous system are damaged or activated. Cranial structures producing pain are- scalp, middle meningeal artery, dural sinuses, falx cerebri etc. Clinical Evaluation of New-Onset headache: In new onset and severe headache, there is more possibility of finding a serious cause, if you find any of the symptoms, it means some serious disorder is there. worst headche ever, first severe headache, fever or unexplained systemic signs, vomiting before headache, pain on bending, coughing, lifting, awekening, pain with local tenderness. A patiend with abnormal examination and history of headache must be evaluated with CT and MRI. Secondary headaches 1. Meningitis:- Severe headaches with stiff neck and fever, painful eyemovements. 2. Intracranial Hemorrages:- Acute severe headache with stiff neck but with out fever suggest subarachnoid hemorrage. If hemorrage is small and below foramen magnum, head CT scan can be normal in that case Lumber Puncture should be done. 3. Brain Tumors:- Intermittent, dull aching pain of moderate intensity, may worsen with exertion or change in postion may be associated with nausea and vomiting. 4. Temporal Arteries:- Inframmatory disorder of Extracranial carotid circulation, common in elderly, found in 77 per one lakh person greater than 50 years of age. Half of them when untreated develop blindness due to involvement of ophthalmic artery which is treated with glucocorticoids. Scalp tenderness is present often to a marked degree, brushing the hair or resting head on a pillow is very painful, headache is severe at night and aggravated by exposure to cold. 5. Glaucoma Primary Headache Syndromes: This is the headache in absence of any exogenous cause:- like glare, bright lights, sounds, hunger, stress, physical exertion, stormy whether, barometric pressure changes, lack of sleep, excess sleep, alcohol use. Migraine headache It is a episodic headache associated with certain features such as senstivity to sound, light, movements, nausea, vomiting, are accompanied by the pain. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose migraine: the migraine aura, consisting of visual disturbances with flash lights, or zig-zag lines moving across the visual field. Migrain is a headache with associated features and if features are absent the it is known as Tension Type Headache. Tension Type Headache:- It is characterised by tight band around the head with no other symptoms as explained in migraine. Approach to the patients in chronic daily headache:- First of all diagnosis is very important, if patient is having daily pain for more than four hours per day it may suggest chronic migraine, chronic tension type headache, hemicrania continua. If its occuring for less than four hours daily it suggests chronic cluster headache, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, SUNA hypic headache. Preventive treatment is amitriptilline 1 mg/kg body wt. Medication Overuse Headache:- Overuse of medicines can aggravate headache frequency and induce a state of daily headache called medication overuse headache. In order to treat it medication dose should be reduced by 10% every week, even when not treated it requires hospitalization and detoxification. Low CSF volume headache:- It begins when pt. sits or stands up right and improves on reclining, pain is occipito frontal, dull aching pain , may be throbbingm common after lumbar puncure. Treatment---- bed rest, caffiene is given intravenously Raised CSF volume headache:- this pain is present when patient awakens from sleep early in the morning, and pain improves as day passes, its checked by examining Fundus. Hemi Crania Continua: women has double chances of developing it compared to males, mostly present in 10-60 years of age group, treatment is done by indomethacin.

sickle cell disease,pathogenesis, sign andsymtoms

Sickle cell disease results from a single glutamic acid to valine substitution at position 6 of beta globin polypeptide chain. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Homozygotes only produce abnormal beta chains that make hemoglobin S and results in clinical syndrome of sickle cell disease. Heterozygotes produce a mixture of normal and abnormal beta chains that make normal HbA and HbS , hence results in the clinically asymptomatic sickle cell trait.Epidemiology:Individuals with sickle cell trait are relatively resisitant to the lethal effect of falciparum malaria in early childhood. So it provides survival advantage in Africa.Pathogenesis of Sickle cell disease:When heamoglobin S is deoxygenated, the molecules of haemoglobin polymerase to form pseudocrystalline structures known as tactoids. These distort the red cell membrane and produce characteristic sickle shaped cells. The polymerization is reversible when reoxygenation occurs. The distortion of the red cell membrane however may become permanent, and the redcell irreversibly sickled. The greater the concentration of sickle cell heamoglobin in the individual cells, the more easy tactoids are formed, but this procedd may be enhanced or retarded by the presence of other haemoglobins. Thus haemoglobin C participates in the polymerization more readily than haemoglobin A, where as haemoglobin F strongly inhibits polymerization.to